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Building Settlement and Rectification: Research Papers and Case Studies
1- Modelling the Process of Building Rectification by Jacking-Up Method in Henan Province, China
Authors: Li Xiang, Yin Ji, Wei Jia-qi
Presentation Date: August 25, 2023
Publication Type: Technical Conference Presentation
Conference: ZSoil Day 2023
Article Summary
This technical presentation investigates the numerical simulation of a building releveling project in Henan Province, China, involving a residential building affected by severe differential settlement caused by collapsible loess deposits.
The building, originally supported on a cement-fly ash-gravel (CFG) pile composite foundation, experienced differential settlement exceeding 300 mm. To rectify its inclination, the foundation support system was modified by transferring the building loads to jacked steel pipe piles. A proportional asynchronous hydraulic jacking method was subsequently adopted to progressively restore the building’s alignment.
A three-dimensional numerical model was developed using ZSoil.PC to investigate the structural response throughout the jacking process. Individual hydraulic jacks were represented separately, while large-displacement interface elements were introduced to simulate the interaction between the raft foundation and the jacking system.
The numerical analysis divided the lifting operation into 20 incremental stages, producing a maximum calculated uplift of 334 mm. Particular attention was given to variations in individual jacking forces, load redistribution, and the development of stresses within the raft foundation.
The results demonstrated that jacking forces change dynamically during structural releveling. Calculated individual jack forces ranged from 484 to 2,261 kN, with maximum force variations of 861 kN in reduction and 802 kN in increase. The analysis also evaluated the stress distribution within the raft foundation and compared predicted jacking forces with field measurements.
The comparison revealed differences between numerical predictions and actual construction measurements, highlighting the complexity of field operations and the importance of monitoring, engineering judgment, and appropriate modeling techniques.
The study provides valuable insight into the numerical assessment and controlled execution of hydraulic jacking operations for buildings affected by substantial differential settlement.
Source Information
Original Document: Modeling the Process of Building Rectification by Jacking-Up Method in Henan Province, China
Document Date: August 25, 2023
Document Length: 30 presentation slides
2- Research on the Characteristics of Jacks Used to Rectify Tilted Buildings
Authors: Krzysztof Gromysz, Mateusz Smolana, Marian Drusa
Author Affiliations:
Krzysztof Gromysz and Mateusz Smolana: Department of Building Structures, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
Marian Drusa: Department of Geotechnics, University of Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia.
Publication Date: May 30, 2024
Journal: Buildings
Publisher: MDPI
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Article Number: 1581
Article Type: Peer-Reviewed Research Article
DOI: 10.3390/buildings14061581
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061581
Article Summary
This research investigates the mechanical characteristics of hydraulic jacks used in the rectification of tilted buildings, focusing on their load–displacement response under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions.
During building releveling operations, hydraulic jacks undergo repeated loading and unloading as structural loads are transferred and temporary supports are adjusted. Accurate prediction of jack behavior is therefore essential for controlling building movements and understanding the interaction between the hydraulic lifting system and the supported structure.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine two primary components of jack deformation: piston extension and changes in the length of the jack cylinder and its supporting elements. The experimental results demonstrated that piston movement exhibits hysteretic behavior associated with internal friction, while deformation of the jack body and supporting components follows a nonlinear elastic relationship with the applied load.
Based on these observations, the researchers developed a mechanical model consisting of a linear elastic component, a frictional component, and a nonlinear elastic component. The model accounts for the influence of internal friction and load-dependent stiffness on the overall response of the hydraulic jack.
The findings demonstrate that the internal friction force increases with the applied load and that the stiffness of the nonlinear elastic component also increases as loading progresses. These characteristics influence the relationship between hydraulic pressure, piston displacement, and the resulting movement of the supported structure.
The proposed model provides a basis for more realistic numerical simulations of hydraulic jacking systems and can contribute to improved planning and control of building rectification operations.
The study emphasizes the importance of considering the actual mechanical behavior of hydraulic jacks, rather than treating them as idealized displacement-controlled devices, when analyzing the response of buildings undergoing structural releveling.
3- Application of Anchor-Grouted Static Pressure Pile and Soil Excavation Correction in House Correction
Authors: Wei Chen, Ping Xiao, Qizhou Tan
Author Affiliations:
Wei Chen: Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Ping Xiao: Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Qizhou Tan: Jiangsu Jianke Civil Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
Publication Year: 2023
Publication: Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures
Editors: A. Cheshmehzangi and H. Bilgin
Publisher: IOS Press
Pages: 634–641
Article Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE230255
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.3233/ATDE230255
Article Summary
This paper presents a case study on the correction of building inclination and the stabilization of foundations using a combined technique involving anchor-supported statically pressed steel pipe piles and controlled soil excavation.
The research examines two residential buildings in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, which experienced excessive and continuing differential settlement. The buildings were supported on raft foundations over ground improved with cement-soil mixing piles. Monitoring records indicated overall settlement exceeding 200 mm and a maximum inclination ratio of 7.0‰, exceeding the applicable regulatory limit of 4.0‰.
The investigation identified several contributing factors, including approximately 5 m of additional fill placed near the buildings, the presence of highly compressible soil beneath the improved ground, and deficiencies in the performance of some cement-soil mixing piles.
To address these problems, a combined foundation stabilization and inclination correction strategy was adopted. Statically pressed steel pipe piles were installed to reinforce the existing foundations and control further settlement. Controlled soil excavation was then carried out beneath the less-settled side of the foundations to induce differential settlement in the required direction and progressively reduce building inclination.
The steel pipe piles had an outside diameter of 273 mm, a wall thickness of 8 mm, and an approximate installation depth of 40 m. A target pile-pressing force of 1,200 kN was adopted. The correction process was implemented through staged excavation and continuous monitoring of building settlement and inclination.
Real-time monitoring equipment was used to assess vertical movements and control the correction process. The construction procedure required settlement during correction to remain below 3 mm per day. Following the completion of inclination correction, the loosened foundation soils were compacted and treated by cement grouting.
The stabilization and correction works were completed within approximately four months. The reported results indicated that the buildings’ final inclination and settlement rates satisfied the applicable code requirements, without abnormal cracking of the superstructures.
The study demonstrates the practical application of combining statically pressed underpinning piles with controlled soil excavation as a foundation stabilization and building inclination correction technique, particularly for structures affected by differential settlement in compressible soils.
test
4- Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Micropile-Raft Joint Jacking Technology for Rectifying Inclined Buildings Due to Uneven Settlement
Authors: Ming Xie, Li’e Yin, Zhangdong Wang, Fangbo Xu, Xiangdong Wu, Mengqi Xu
Author Affiliation: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Safety and Durability of Concrete Structures, Xijing University, Xi’an 710123, China
Corresponding Author: Ming Xie
Publication Date: July 15, 2025
Journal: Buildings
Publisher: MDPI
Volume: 15
Issue: 14
Article Number: 2485
Article Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.3390/buildings15142485
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142485
Article Summary
This study investigates the numerical simulation and structural performance of an integrated micropile–raft hydraulic jacking system developed to correct building inclination caused by differential foundation settlement. The research focuses on a six-story reinforced concrete frame building in Gaoling County, Shaanxi Province, China, where variable loess deposits, high groundwater levels, and unfavorable subsurface conditions contributed to progressive settlement and structural inclination.
The investigation combined geotechnical field data, structural monitoring records, and three-dimensional finite element modeling using ABAQUS to evaluate the behavior of the building during staged hydraulic jacking. Before rectification, the maximum recorded settlement reached approximately 90.14 mm, while the building inclination ratio reached 0.51%.
The proposed rectification method incorporated micropiles and a raft foundation to provide stable reaction forces for hydraulic lifting while reducing the risk of further differential settlement. The jacking operation was simulated through 20 incremental loading stages, with total applied jacking forces of 2,400 kN, 2,200 kN, and 1,700 kN along structural axes A, B, and C, respectively.
Numerical results indicated that the integrated jacking system reduced the maximum inclination ratio from 0.51% to 0.05%. The simulated maximum foundation settlement decreased from approximately 92.49 mm to 1.181 mm, representing a reduction of approximately 98.7%. The peak structural stress was also reduced by approximately 42%, from 11.2 MPa to 6.5 MPa.
However, the analysis demonstrated that hydraulic jacking significantly affects the distribution of internal forces within structural members. Axial forces in certain columns increased during the lifting process, while several beams experienced substantial changes in bending moments, including reversals in moment direction. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating structural load redistribution rather than focusing exclusively on displacement correction.
The study also examined the required reaction pile capacities and identified critical locations requiring enhanced monitoring, particularly at column–foundation connections and structural members experiencing significant changes in internal forces.
The findings support the use of micropile–raft integrated jacking systems as a potentially effective approach to correcting building inclination in challenging ground conditions. The research emphasizes the importance of coordinated geotechnical assessment, staged hydraulic jacking, numerical analysis, and continuous structural monitoring to improve the controllability and safety of building releveling operations.
5- In Situ Experimental Study on the Active Support Used for Building Rectification
Author: Krzysztof Gromysz
Author Affiliation: Department of Building Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Publication Date: April 25, 2020
Journal: Materials
Publisher: MDPI
Volume: 13
Issue: 9
Article Number: 2015
Article Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.3390/ma13092015
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092015
Article Summary
This research presents an in situ experimental investigation into the mechanical stiffness and load–displacement behavior of temporary hydraulic supports used during the rectification of a vertically deflected building. The study focuses on the interaction between hydraulic jacks, steel support elements, concrete bedding, and the structural components of a building undergoing controlled releveling.
The experimental program was conducted during the rectification of a five-story residential building with a basement in Silesia, Poland. The structure, approximately 16.1 m high, was supported on 36 temporary hydraulic supports installed within its load-bearing basement walls. The building was progressively lifted to correct its inclination, with an average vertical uplift of 177 mm and a maximum uplift of 354 mm.
The temporary support system consisted of hydraulic piston jacks, steel bearing plates, concrete grout, and, where necessary, stacks of steel elements. Particular attention was given to the behavior of an active support, defined as a support in which piston extension is deliberately imposed during a particular lifting stage.
Field measurements were performed on support No. 29, located in the area of maximum building uplift. The experimental program included four loading cycles with forces varying between 100 and 780 kN, 200 and 780 kN, 300 and 780 kN, and 400 and 780 kN. Measurements included hydraulic jack extension, changes in support length, vertical displacement of the elevated structure, settlement of the supporting foundation, and variations in applied force.
The experimental results demonstrated that the imposed extension of a hydraulic jack is not fully converted into upward displacement of the building. Part of the displacement is absorbed by elastic shortening of the support components and downward movement of the underlying foundation.
The measured stiffness of the complete system increased with the applied load. Depending on the loading range, the system stiffness varied from approximately 99 to 154 MN/m. The findings also demonstrated that the overall response depends not only on the properties of the temporary support but also on the stiffness of the elevated building and the structural elements remaining in contact with the ground.
For the support system investigated in this study, the authors concluded that relatively lower support stiffness could reduce the forces associated with imposed jack extension and limit additional settlement beneath the parts of the structure remaining supported by the ground. This finding is specific to the investigated support–building–foundation interaction.
The research provides experimental evidence supporting more accurate mechanical modeling, force control, and displacement monitoring during hydraulic building releveling operations.
6- Innovative Techniques Used to Plumb Two 57 m Height Concrete Buildings Leaning 3.8 and 3.1%
Authors: Carlos E. M. Maffei, Heloisa H. S. Gonçalves
Author Affiliations:
Carlos E. M. Maffei: University of São Paulo and Carlos E. M. Maffei Engenharia S/C Ltda., São Paulo, Brazil.
Heloisa H. S. Gonçalves: University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Publication Date: August 22, 2016
Journal: Innovative Infrastructure Solutions
Publisher: Springer International Publishing Switzerland
Volume: 1
Article Number: 33
Article Type: Practice-Oriented Paper
DOI: 10.1007/s41062-016-0032-9
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0032-9
Article Summary
This paper presents two innovative engineering techniques used to correct the severe inclination of two 57 m high reinforced concrete residential towers at the Núncio Malzoni Condominium in Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. The two buildings, designated Tower A and Tower B, experienced progressive differential settlement caused by the consolidation of deep soft clay layers beneath their shallow foundations.
The initial inclinations of Towers A and B were approximately 3.8% and 3.1%, respectively, corresponding to horizontal deviations from the vertical of approximately 2.08 m and 1.70 m. Before undertaking the correction works, detailed structural assessments were performed using nonlinear computational analysis to evaluate the stability of both buildings. The results indicated that Tower A required urgent intervention because of the potential risk of structural collapse, whereas Tower B was not considered to face the same immediate risk.
The rectification of Tower A involved constructing a new deep foundation system consisting of 16 large-diameter bored piles, ranging from 1.0 to 1.4 m in diameter and extending approximately 55 m into the ground. A reinforced concrete load-transfer structure incorporating seven main Vierendeel-type beams was constructed to transfer the building loads to the new foundations.
Fourteen hydraulic jacks, with capacities ranging from 400 to 900 tonnes, were installed between the pile caps and the load-transfer beams. Through carefully controlled hydraulic lifting and continuous monitoring of structural movements, the building was progressively returned to a vertical position. The maximum vertical uplift at an individual column was approximately 800 mm. The foundation stabilization and releveling works were completed around 2000–2001, successfully correcting the inclination and preventing further settlement.
Tower B required a different approach because the available space and structural configuration did not permit the same large-scale foundation and load-transfer system. Initially, 400 mm diameter root piles extending approximately 55 m into the ground were installed to reduce differential settlement. These piles helped stabilize the building’s inclination over the following years.
In 2010, Tower B was releveled using a column-by-column hydraulic jacking method. Reinforced concrete double cantilevers were attached to the existing columns using prestressed steel bars. Temporary auxiliary jacks were installed to support the structural loads while individual columns were cut and the main hydraulic jacks were positioned.
The building was subsequently lifted through a controlled sequence of hydraulic operations. After the required correction had been achieved, the hydraulic jacks were removed and the columns were reconstructed using reinforced concrete. The final releveling operation was completed within approximately five days.
The study demonstrates that severe building inclination can be corrected through different combinations of deep foundation reinforcement, load-transfer structures, and hydraulic jacking systems. It also highlights the importance of evaluating structural stability, foundation behavior, load redistribution, construction constraints, and the long-term performance of the corrected building.
The successful rectification of both towers provides valuable practical evidence for the feasibility of restoring substantially tilted reinforced concrete buildings without demolition, even when horizontal deviations from the vertical exceed two meters.
7-Grouting Uplift for Structural Rectification of a High-Rise Building
Author: Xuedong Cui
Author Affiliation: Beijing Hengxiang Hongye Foundation Reinforcement Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, China
Publication Date: February 25, 2026
Journal: Scientific Reports
Publisher: Springer Nature
Volume: 16
Article Number: 10462
Article Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-38875-z
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38875-z
Article Summary
This study investigates an advanced grouting-based technique for correcting differential settlement and structural inclination in a high-rise reinforced concrete building. The research combines geotechnical investigation, three-dimensional numerical modeling, staged foundation grouting, and real-time monitoring to develop and evaluate a controlled structural releveling procedure.
The case study involves a 26-story reinforced concrete building in Mengshan County, Guangxi, China. The building has a reported height of 80.3 m and a raft foundation approximately 1.3 m thick. Following completion of the main structure, differential settlement continued to develop, producing significant building inclination and cracking in several basement structural elements.
Field monitoring recorded a maximum cumulative settlement of approximately 216 mm, a minimum settlement of 50 mm, and a maximum differential settlement of 166 mm. The building exhibited an overall inclination toward the southeast, with a maximum reported foundation inclination of approximately 6‰.
Detailed geological investigations identified weak and heterogeneous strata, including cobble deposits, weathered argillaceous siltstone, and subsurface cavities. These conditions contributed to uneven foundation support and progressive settlement.
To investigate the underlying mechanisms, the researchers developed a three-dimensional finite difference model using FLAC3D. The numerical analysis reproduced the general settlement pattern observed in the field and demonstrated that underground cavities significantly increased differential settlement. The model predicted a maximum settlement of approximately 243.56 mm and a maximum differential settlement of 206.65 mm.
Based on the investigation and numerical results, a two-stage grouting strategy was developed. The first stage involved filling subsurface cavities and reinforcing weak foundation strata to improve their stiffness, bearing capacity, and stability. The second stage involved controlled grouting uplift to progressively raise the more heavily settled portions of the building.
A specially formulated high-aluminum iron composite grout was selected for the project. The grout consisted of aluminum slag, iron slag, and cement in a reported weight ratio of 3:2:1. Laboratory testing indicated a 28-day unconfined compressive strength of at least 48 MPa, an adjustable setting time of 10–90 seconds, and a curing shrinkage of less than 0.02%.
The construction procedure employed low-pressure grouting, with recommended injection pressures ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 MPa. Grouting was performed progressively, beginning in the areas experiencing greater settlement and advancing toward areas with smaller settlement values. Ten sets of equipment operated simultaneously, supported by automated monitoring to control the uplift process and limit additional structural deformation.
The numerical investigation also examined the stress distribution within the building before and after rectification. Particular attention was given to the basement structural elements, where differential settlement had produced cracking and localized stress concentrations.
According to the authors, the building’s inclination decreased from approximately 6‰ to 0.3‰ after grouting uplift, meeting the applicable requirements for normal use and habitation.
The research demonstrates that staged foundation reinforcement followed by controlled grouting uplift can provide an effective method for correcting significant differential settlement in high-rise buildings supported by raft foundations. It also emphasizes that successful application depends on reliable geological characterization, suitable grout properties, carefully controlled injection procedures, and continuous structural monitoring.
8-Mechanism of underexcavation and practical design method for building rectification
Authors: Junhua Xiao, Jianping Sun, Xin Zhang, Qingxia Yue
Author Affiliations:
  1. School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China.
  2. Key Laboratory of Building Structural Retrofitting and Underground Space Engineering (Shandong Jianzhu University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China.
Publication Year: 2022
Journal: SN Applied Sciences
Publisher: Springer Nature
Volume: 4
Article Number: 103
Article Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-04993-2
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-022-04993-2
Keywords: Underexcavation, Building Rectification, Numerical Modeling, Plastic Failure, Design Method
Article Summary
This study examines soil underexcavation as a method of correcting building tilt. Using two-dimensional finite element models and comparisons with physical model observations, the authors investigated stress redistribution, plastic failure zones, and the interaction between horizontal soil-extraction holes beneath shallow foundations.
Removing soil beneath the less-settled side allows controlled additional settlement and reduces inclination. The simulations indicated that closer hole spacing increased settlement and interaction between cavities. The authors attributed the larger corrective movements required in practice primarily to progressive cavity collapse and closure, rather than elastic–plastic deformation alone.
The paper proposes simplified relationships for preliminary hole spacing and diameter. These expressions depend on assumptions about bearing-capacity safety factors and the relationship between removed soil volume and corrective settlement. They require project-specific geotechnical assessment, staged execution, and continuous monitoring and are not general design instructions.
9- Building Rectification by Underexcavation and Practical Design Method
Authors: Junhua Xiao, Jianping Sun, Zongbao Jiang, Qingpeng Wang, Daotong Guo
Author Affiliations:
  • School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
  • Key Laboratory of Building Structural Retrofitting and Underground Space Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
  • Shandong Jianzhu University Engineering Appraisal and Strengthening Design Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
  • Shandong Jiangu Special Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
Corresponding Author: Junhua Xiao
Publication Date: September 26, 2022 (online)
Journal: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Volume: 36
Issue: 6
Article Number: 04022060
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001774
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001774
Keywords: Building Rectification, Underexcavation, Differential Settlement, Raft Foundation, Foundation Reinforcement, Micropiles, Practical Design Method
Article Summary
This paper presents an 11-story reinforced concrete shear-wall building with one basement on the Yellow River alluvial plain in China. Supported by a raft foundation over clay, silt, and silty clay, the building developed progressive settlement and inclination after construction.
Monitoring indicated approximately 126 mm of average settlement. The north–south settlement difference was about 50 mm across 11.9 m, while separate building measurements indicated inclination of about 6‰. Settlement calculations and numerical analysis identified excessive foundation settlement and eccentric loading associated with the irregular geometry as contributing factors.
The selected approach combined controlled soil underexcavation beneath the less-settled side with precast micropiles for foundation reinforcement. The paper also presents simplified preliminary relationships for extraction-hole spacing and diameter. The case illustrates why correcting tilt and improving long-term foundation stability should be considered together, with staged construction and continuous monitoring.
10-Seismic response analysis of frame structures with uneven settlement of foundation considering soil-structure interaction
Authors: Haodong Shang, Chao Bao, Huxiang Wang, Xiaotong Ma, Jixing Cao, Jiaoyan Du
Author Affiliations:
  1. School of Civil Engineering and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
  2. School of Civil Engineering, North Minzu University, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Corresponding Author: Chao Bao
Publication Date: November 10, 2023 (available online)
Journal: Results in Engineering
Publisher: Elsevier
Volume: 20
Article Number: 101574
DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101574
Original Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101574
Keywords: Soil–Structure Interaction, Uneven Settlement of Foundation, Seismic Response, Torsional Effects, Seismic Damage
Article Summary
This numerical study investigates the seismic response of six-story reinforced concrete frames with pre-existing differential foundation settlement, considering soil–structure interaction. SAP2000 analyses combined staged construction with nonlinear earthquake time histories to compare different foundation representations, soil stiffnesses, and seismic intensities.
The authors examined differential settlement magnitudes of 33 mm and 83 mm and evaluated interstory drift, plastic hinge development, torsional response, and vibration periods. Within the models investigated, settlement altered the initial deformation and force distribution and could increase seismic deformation and damage. Soil flexibility also affected the response, including torsional demands at upper stories.
The influence of soil–structure interaction was not simply proportional to settlement magnitude. The results support evaluating the combined effects of existing deformation, soil stiffness, foundation behavior, and earthquake demand. These are model-specific research findings, not universal predictions for all settlement-affected buildings.

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